Exploring the T19 Transmission in Bullnose Ford Trucks: A Comprehensive Guide
When it comes to classic Ford trucks, particularly the Bullnose models from 1980 to 1986, the T19 transmission stands out as a powerhouse of reliability and strength. As a manual transmission, it played a crucial role in the performance and durability of these trucks. This is especially true for those who needed their vehicles to tackle heavy-duty tasks and rugged terrains.
In this article, we’re going to dive deep into everything you need to know about the T19 transmission. We’ll explore its gears, synchronization, and gear ratios and its durability, common issues, and history. Whether you’re a seasoned Ford enthusiast or just getting started with your Bullnose project, this guide will give you the detailed insights you need.
The Basics: Number of Gears and Synchronization
The T19 is a four-speed manual transmission that was developed as a versatile and durable option for heavy-duty trucks. What makes the T19 distinct is its fully synchronized gearset, which was an improvement over its predecessor, the T18.
Here’s a breakdown of the T19’s gear ratios:
- First Gear: 6.32:1, 5.11:1, or 4.02:1 (depending on the version)
- Second Gear: 3.03:1, 2.62:1, or 2.41:1
- Third Gear: 1.79:1 or 1.50:1
- Fourth Gear: 1.00:1 (Direct Drive)
- Reverse Gear: Matches the first gear ratio (6.32:1, 5.11:1, or 4.02:1)
Unlike the T18, where the first gear was non-synchronized, the T19 boasts full synchronization across all gears, including reverse. This means smoother shifts and easier driving dynamics, especially under load or in demanding conditions. For drivers who appreciate the tactile feel of manual gear changes without the hassle of dealing with non-synchro gears, the T19 is a joy to operate.
Gear Ratios: Breaking Down the Numbers
The T19 was available with several different gear ratio configurations, making it adaptable to a wide range of applications. The three primary sets of gear ratios offered different balances between torque and speed:
- Wide-Ratio (6.32:1 First Gear): This version is ideal for heavy towing and off-road applications. The ultra-low first gear allows for significant torque multiplication. This gives you the grunt needed to start moving heavy loads or crawl over tough terrain.
- Medium-Ratio (5.11:1 First Gear): The medium-ratio T19 offers a balance between low-end torque and manageable on-road performance. It’s well-suited for trucks that need to perform a variety of tasks, from hauling to highway driving.
- Close-Ratio (4.02:1 First Gear): The close-ratio version is more geared toward general driving. This offers a smoother spread of power across all gears. It’s a solid choice for those who want the durability of the T19 without sacrificing everyday drivability.
These gear ratios allow the T19 to be a versatile option, whether you’re using your truck for heavy-duty work or as a daily driver with occasional off-road excursions.
Cooling System
The T19 transmission, like many manual gearboxes of its era, relies on air cooling. The cast-iron case of the T19 dissipates heat effectively, which is typically sufficient for most applications. There is no built-in external cooling system, so the key to preventing overheating is ensuring good airflow around the transmission.
For typical usage, especially in non-extreme climates, the stock cooling setup is more than adequate. However, if you’re pushing the limits with heavy towing or off-road driving in hot conditions, additional cooling measures, such as enhanced airflow or auxiliary coolers, might be worth considering.
Maximum Torque Capacity
The T19 transmission is known for its strength and durability. It handles up to 350 lb-ft of torque, according to the rating, making it well-suited for the powerful V8 engines that were often paired with it in Ford trucks. This high torque capacity means that the T19 can handle significant loads and stresses, making it a favorite among those who use their trucks for towing, hauling, and off-roading.
Transmission Fluid and Lubrication
To keep your T19 running smoothly, regular maintenance of the transmission fluid is essential. The T19 originally used 80W-90 gear oil, which remains the recommended lubricant for this transmission. Some owners opt for synthetic gear oils, particularly in colder climates, as they can offer better performance in extreme temperatures.
When changing the transmission fluid, it’s best to do so when the transmission is warm to ensure the old oil drains completely. Regular fluid changes—every 30,000 to 50,000 miles—will help maintain the transmission’s performance and extend its lifespan.
Driving Dynamics and Typical Usage
Driving a truck equipped with the T19 transmission offers a unique and robust experience. Thanks to the synchronized gears, shifts are smooth and confident, even under load. Here’s how the T19 performs in different scenarios:
First Gear: In the wide-ratio version, the first gear is extremely low, providing the torque needed for heavy towing or navigating off-road terrain. In normal driving conditions, you might find yourself skipping first gear entirely and starting in second, especially if you’re not carrying a heavy load.
On-Road Performance: The T19’s gear ratios allow for smooth acceleration and comfortable cruising at highway speeds. The direct drive fourth gear (1.00:1) behaves well for long stretches of road, offering a good balance between power and fuel efficiency.
Off-Road and Towing: The T19 truly excels in off-road and towing scenarios. The low first gear, combined with the transmission’s robust construction, makes it ideal for managing difficult terrain or pulling heavy loads. The fully synchronized gears ensure that shifts are smooth and reliable, even when conditions are less than ideal.
Servicing and Rebuilding the T19
The T19 is a durable and relatively straightforward transmission to service, though it does require some mechanical know-how and the right tools. Here’s what you need to know if you’re considering servicing or rebuilding a T19:
Difficulty Level: Medium. The T19 is simpler to work on than many modern transmissions, but it’s still a heavy, robust unit. Handling the components during a rebuild can be challenging, particularly when it comes to aligning the gears and synchros correctly.
Estimated Cost: A rebuild kit for a T19 typically costs between $300 and $600, depending on the quality of the parts. If you need to replace more significant components like gears or shafts, the cost can rise significantly. Professional rebuilds usually range from $1,500 to $2,500, depending on the extent of the work required.
Ease of Service: Routine maintenance, such as fluid changes and seal replacements, is relatively straightforward. However, accessing the transmission can be labor-intensive, depending on your truck’s configuration. If you have basic mechanical skills, much of the maintenance can be done at home with the right tools and a good service manual.
Durability and Reliability
Enthusiasts regard the T19 for its durability, and with proper care, it can last for many years. The transmission’s cast-iron case and heavy-duty internal components contribute to its longevity, making it a reliable choice for those who need a transmission that can handle tough conditions.
Longevity: With regular maintenance, it’s not uncommon for a T19 to last over 200,000 miles. The key is to keep the transmission well-lubricated and to address any issues as soon as they arise.
Common Issues: While the T19 is generally very reliable, there are a few issues that can develop over time:
- Synchro Wear: The synchronizers can wear out over time, leading to difficult or noisy shifting, particularly in higher gears.
- Bearing Noise: Worn bearings can cause a whining or growling noise, especially in lower gears.
- Leaks: Over time, seals can degrade and cause fluid leaks. Regular inspections and timely seal replacements can help prevent more serious issues.
History and Production
Borg-Warner introduced the T19 in the mid-1970s as a successor to the T18. It continued in production through the mid-1980s. It was used in a variety of heavy-duty vehicles, including Ford trucks and International Harvester vehicles. In the Bullnose Ford trucks (1980-1986), the T19 was commonly found in:
- Ford F-250
- Ford F-350
The T19 found popularity in trucks designed for heavy-duty applications, such as towing and off-roading. Its strength and durability made it a preferred choice for those who needed a transmission that could withstand tough conditions.
Aftermarket Support and Modifications
The T19 enjoys strong aftermarket support, thanks to its popularity and long production run. Whether you’re looking for rebuild kits, replacement parts, or performance upgrades, there are plenty of options available.
Modifications: While the T19 is durable right out of the box, there are several modifications you can make to enhance its performance:
- Upgraded Synchronizers: For smoother shifting and improved durability, especially in trucks used for heavy-duty applications.
- Custom Gear Ratios: Depending on your specific needs, you might consider swapping to a different gear ratio set to optimize the transmission for your intended use.
- Heavy-Duty Bearings: For those who push their trucks to the limit, upgrading to heavy-duty bearings can provide additional peace of mind.
Aftermarket Support: Companies like Novak, Advance Adapters, and other vintage parts suppliers offer a wide range of parts and kits for the T19, making it easier to maintain and upgrade this classic transmission.
Conclusion: The Legacy of the T19 in Bullnose Ford Trucks
The T19 transmission is more than just a component in a classic truck—it’s a symbol of the rugged durability that defines Bullnose Ford trucks. Whether you’re tackling tough off-road terrain, pulling heavy loads, or just enjoying the feel of a well-built manual transmission, the T19 delivers reliable performance and a connection to the vehicle that’s hard to beat.
Its robust design, versatility, and ease of service have earned the T19 a lasting place in the hearts of Ford enthusiasts. While it may have its quirks, the T19’s strengths far outweigh its weaknesses, making it a built-to-last transmission.
If you’re lucky enough to have a Bullnose Ford truck with a T19, take care of it, and it’ll take care of you for many miles to come. And if you’re in the market for one, rest assured that you’re investing in a transmission with a rich history and a reputation for reliability.
If you want more specific information on Bullnose Ford Trucks, check out my YouTube Channel!
For more information on Bullnose Trucks and Broncos, you can also check out the BullnoseFord SubReddit or Gary’s Garagemahal, both are excellent resources.