The Legacy of the 351 Cleveland

The 351 Cleveland engine holds a special place in Ford’s storied history. Introduced in 1970, this high-performance engine quickly became a favorite among muscle car enthusiasts. Known for its large-port cylinder heads and high-revving capabilities, the 351 Cleveland was designed to dominate on the street and the track. Though its production was short-lived, lasting only until 1974, the Cleveland left an indelible mark on the performance world. It remains a sought-after powerplant for classic car restorations and custom builds, including the iconic Bullnose Ford trucks of the 1980s.

The Origins of the 351 Cleveland

Ford 351 Cleveland

Ford developed the 351 Cleveland during an era when performance was king. In the late 1960s, Ford looked to create an engine that could compete with the best offerings from General Motors and Chrysler. The 351 Cleveland was born out of this desire, blending elements of Ford’s small-block Windsor engine with the big-block design characteristics of the 429 and 460.

Ford intended the Cleveland to bridge the gap between the small-block Windsor and Ford’s larger engines. They hoped to offer a unique combination of compact size and high-flow heads. The engine debuted in 1970, initially offered in the Ford Mustang and Torino. It quickly gained a reputation for its ability to rev freely and produce impressive horsepower figures, especially in the high-performance 4V (four-barrel) configuration.

While the Cleveland shared its displacement with the 351 Windsor, it was a completely different engine in terms of design and performance. The Cleveland’s large-port cylinder heads were its defining feature. These gave it superior breathing at high RPMs compared to the Windsor’s more conventional head design. This made the Cleveland a favorite for drag racers and road racers alike, who appreciated the engine’s ability to deliver power in the upper rev range.

Technical Specifications and Design Features

The 351 Cleveland was a marvel of engineering for its time, combining innovative design elements with robust construction. Here’s a closer look at the engine’s key technical specifications and design features:

Block Design and Materials
  • Construction: Ford made the 351 Cleveland’s block from cast iron, known for its strength and durability.
  • Main Caps: High-performance versions of the Cleveland featured four-bolt main caps, providing added strength and stability at high RPMs.
  • Dimensions: The Cleveland’s block measured approximately 29.0 inches long, 25.5 inches wide, and 29.0 inches high, making it slightly larger than the Windsor block.
Cylinder Heads
  • Port Design: The Cleveland was renowned for its large-port, high-flow cylinder heads, which were designed to maximize airflow and support high RPM power.
  • 2V vs. 4V Heads: The engine was available with two different head configurations. The 2V heads were designed for low-end torque and street driving, while the 4V heads were optimized for high-performance applications, with larger ports and valves.
  • Valve Arrangement: The Cleveland used a canted valve arrangement, similar to the design found in Ford’s big-block engines, which contributed to its superior breathing characteristics.
Valvetrain
  • Lifters: The Cleveland used hydraulic lifters in most applications, although the high-performance Boss 351 featured solid lifters for improved high-RPM stability.
  • Camshaft: The camshaft profiles varied between models, with the 4V versions featuring more aggressive cam profiles to complement the high-flow heads.
Displacement and Bore/Stroke
  • Displacement: The 351 Cleveland shared its displacement with the 351 Windsor, featuring a 4.00-inch bore and a 3.50-inch stroke.
  • Bore/Stroke Ratio: This relatively short stroke contributed to the engine’s ability to rev freely, making it a favorite for high-RPM applications.
Compression Ratios
  • Variations: Compression ratios varied between different Cleveland models, with higher-performance versions offering ratios as high as 11.0:1, while lower-performance variants were around 9.0:1.
Induction System
  • Intake Manifold: The Cleveland featured different intake manifolds depending on the application. The 2V versions had a dual-plane intake designed for low-end torque, while the 4V versions had a single-plane intake optimized for high RPM power.
  • Carburetors: The 2V models typically came with a two-barrel carburetor, while the 4V versions were equipped with a four-barrel carburetor, enhancing their performance capabilities.
Exhaust
  • Manifolds: The Cleveland was equipped with high-flow exhaust manifolds that were designed to complement its high-flow cylinder heads, further aiding in the engine’s ability to breathe at high RPMs.
Cooling System
  • Cooling Passages: The Cleveland’s cooling system was unique, with the water passages routed differently than those in the Windsor engines. This design helped to keep the engine cool at high RPMs but also led to some of the common issues discussed later.
Lubrication System
  • Oil Capacity: The Cleveland’s oil capacity was approximately 5 quarts, though many performance builders opt for larger oil pans to increase capacity.
  • Oil Type: Ford recommended 10W-30 or 10W-40 oil for the Cleveland, depending on the climate and specific application.
  • Oil Pump: The Cleveland used a conventional gear-driven oil pump, which provided adequate lubrication for stock applications but could be upgraded to a high-volume pump for performance builds.
Firing Order
  • Firing Order: The Cleveland engine followed the firing order 1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8, similar to other Ford small-block engines of the time.
Weight and Dimensions
  • Weight: The 351 Cleveland had an approximate dry weight of 550-575 lbs, making it a bit heavier than the Windsor but still manageable for most performance applications.
  • Dimensions: As mentioned earlier, the engine measured roughly 29.0 inches long, 25.5 inches wide, and 29.0 inches high, giving it a compact footprint considering its performance potential.

4. Performance Characteristics

The 351 Cleveland was designed with performance in mind, and it delivered on that promise in several key areas:

Power Output
  • 2V vs. 4V Power Levels: Engineers designed the 2V version of the Cleveland for street use, producing around 250 horsepower and 350 lb-ft of torque. The 4V version, with its larger ports and more aggressive camshaft, could produce up to 300 horsepower and similar torque figures, depending on the application.
  • Boss 351: The high-performance Boss 351 variant, introduced in 1971, pushed the envelope further, with a factory rating of 330 horsepower thanks to its solid lifters, high-compression pistons, and aggressive camshaft profile.
High-Revving Nature
  • RPM Potential: One of the Cleveland’s standout features was its ability to rev freely and produce power at high RPMs. The engine was known for its high-revving nature, particularly in the 4V configuration, where it could comfortably operate in the 6,000+ RPM range.
  • Racing Success: This characteristic made the Cleveland a popular choice in racing, particularly in NASCAR and drag racing, where high RPM power is crucial.
Applications
  • Muscle Cars: The Cleveland was most famously used in the Ford Mustang and Torino, as well as the Mercury Cougar. These cars were the pinnacle of Ford’s performance lineup in the early 1970s, and the Cleveland played a central role in their success.
  • Racing Pedigree: The engine’s performance characteristics also made it a favorite in various forms of racing, from stock car racing to road racing, where its ability to deliver power at high RPMs was a significant advantage.

Production History and Variants

The 351 Cleveland had a relatively short production run, but its impact was significant. Here’s a look at its production history and the key variants that enthusiasts seek today:

Timeline
  • 1970-1974: Ford produced the Cleveland from 1970 until 1974, with the bulk of its production occurring in the first few years. By the mid-1970s, changing emissions regulations and the oil crisis led to a shift in focus towards smaller, more fuel-efficient engines, leading to the Cleveland’s discontinuation.
Notable Variants
  • Boss 351: Introduced in 1971, the Boss 351 was the pinnacle of Cleveland performance. It featured solid lifters, a high-compression ratio, and a more aggressive camshaft, making it one of the most powerful small-block engines of its time.
  • 351 Cobra Jet: The 351 Cobra Jet was a mid-level performance variant, offering more power than the standard 4V Cleveland but less than the Boss 351. It featured a higher compression ratio and improved breathing, making it a strong performer in its own right.
Rarity and Collectibility
  • Boss 351 Rarity: Due to its limited production and high-performance features, the Boss 351 is one of the most sought-after Cleveland variants today. Enthusiasts prize these engines for their performance and historical significance.
  • Collector Interest: The Cleveland engine, particularly in its 4V and Boss 351 configurations, is highly collectible. Enthusiasts value these engines for their performance potential and their role in the golden age of muscle cars.
Reasons for Discontinuation
  • Emissions Regulations: The early 1970s saw the introduction of stricter emissions regulations, which placed significant demands on performance engines like the Cleveland. These regulations, combined with the oil crisis, led to a shift away from high-performance engines, and the Cleveland was discontinued after the 1974 model year.
  • Shift to Windsor: After the Cleveland’s discontinuation, Ford shifted its focus back to the Windsor family of engines, which were more versatile and better suited to the new automotive landscape.
Vehicles That Came with the 351 Cleveland

Ford used the 351 Cleveland in several notable Ford and Mercury vehicles during its production run. Here’s a list of the key models:

  • Ford Mustang: The Cleveland was available in various Mustang models, including the Mach 1 and the highly coveted Boss 351.
  • Ford Torino: The Cleveland was a popular engine option in the Torino, especially in high-performance versions like the Torino Cobra.
  • Mercury Cougar: The Cougar, Mercury’s version of the Mustang, also offered the Cleveland as an option. It provided a potent powerplant for this stylish muscle car.
  • Ford Ranchero: The Ranchero, Ford’s car-truck hybrid, could be equipped with the Cleveland, making it one of the more powerful utility vehicles of its time.
  • Mercury Montego: The Montego, Mercury’s mid-size offering, also featured the Cleveland in its performance-oriented versions.
  • Ford Falcon: In certain markets, particularly Australia, the Cleveland was available in the Falcon GT models. It became legendary for its performance in both road and race applications.
  • Mercury Cyclone: The Cyclone, Mercury’s performance-oriented mid-size car, offered the Cleveland in its high-performance variants.

Common Issues with the 351 Cleveland and How to Address Them

While the 351 Cleveland is a robust and capable engine, it does have its share of common issues. Here’s a rundown of some of the most frequent problems and how to address them:

Cooling Issues
  • Overheating: The Cleveland’s unique cooling system, while effective at high RPMs, can lead to overheating in certain conditions. This is especially true if the cooling system isn’t maintained properly or if modifications increase the engine’s power output.
  • Solutions: To address cooling issues, many enthusiasts opt for upgraded radiators, electric fans, and high-flow water pumps. Ensuring that the cooling passages are clear and free from blockages is also crucial.
Oil System Problems
  • Oil Starvation: The Cleveland’s stock oiling system can suffer from oil starvation at high RPMs, leading to premature wear or even engine failure.
  • Solutions: Upgrading to a high-volume oil pump, installing a windage tray, and using a larger-capacity oil pan are common solutions. These modifications help ensure consistent oil flow, even under demanding conditions.
Cylinder Head Cracking
  • Cracking: The Cleveland’s high-compression 4V heads are prone to cracking, particularly when subjected to the stresses of high-performance use or poor maintenance.
  • Solutions: Regular inspections and proper tuning can help prevent head cracking. For those rebuilding a Cleveland, consider installing aftermarket heads designed to withstand higher stresses.
Valve Seat Recession
  • Recession: Like many engines of its era, engineers designed the Cleveland to run on leaded gasoline. With the switch to unleaded fuel, valve seat recession can occur, leading to loss of compression and performance.
  • Solutions: Installing hardened valve seats during a rebuild is the best way to prevent this issue. This modification allows the engine to run reliably on modern unleaded fuel.
Part Availability
  • Availability: Due to the Cleveland’s relatively short production run, some parts can be hard to find or expensive.
  • Solutions: Enthusiasts can source parts from specialty suppliers, utilize aftermarket options, or adapt Windsor components where applicable. Building a network of reliable parts sources is essential for anyone restoring or maintaining a Cleveland.

The 351 Cleveland in Classic Ford Trucks

While Ford primarily used the 351 Cleveland in muscle cars and mid-sized sedans, some enthusiasts have successfully swapped this performance engine into classic Ford trucks, including the iconic Bullnose models of the 1980s.

Use in Trucks
  • Factory Usage: Ford never factory-installed the Cleveland in their trucks. The closest truck engines of the era were the 351 Windsor and the 351 Modified. Ford designed each with more low-end torque for heavy-duty applications.
  • Why Not Factory Installed?: The Cleveland’s design, optimized for high RPM performance, was better suited to cars than trucks, which typically benefit from engines with more low-end torque.
Popularity in Truck Swaps
  • Why Swap a Cleveland?: Enthusiasts who swap a Cleveland into a Bullnose truck are often looking to combine the engine’s high-revving performance with the utility and durability of a classic Ford truck. This can create a unique and powerful vehicle that stands out at car shows and on the road.
  • Challenges: The swap isn’t without its challenges. Fitting the Cleveland into a truck designed for a Windsor or Modified engine can require custom motor mounts, headers, and other modifications.
Performance in a Truck Application
  • Pros: When properly tuned, a Cleveland-powered truck can offer impressive performance, particularly in terms of acceleration and top-end speed. The engine’s high-revving nature provides a different driving experience compared to more traditional truck engines.
  • Cons: The Cleveland’s relative lack of low-end torque can make it less ideal for towing or hauling heavy loads. Additionally, the cooling and oiling systems may need significant upgrades to handle the demands of a truck application.
Real-World Examples
  • Notable Builds: Several high-profile truck builds have successfully utilized the 351 Cleveland. These vehicles often stand out for their performance and the uniqueness of the swap, showcasing the engine’s versatility even outside of its traditional muscle car domain.

Comparison of the 351 Cleveland, 351 Windsor, and 351 Modified

Transmissions Compatible with the 351 Cleveland

Choosing the right transmission is crucial for getting the most out of your 351 Cleveland. Here’s a rundown of the manual and automatic transmissions that are commonly paired with this engine:

Manual Transmissions
  • Ford Toploader 4-speed: The Toploader is a robust and reliable transmission that was often paired with the Cleveland in performance cars. It’s a popular choice for enthusiasts looking to retain a period-correct setup with excellent durability.
  • Borg-Warner T-10: Another 4-speed option, the Borg-Warner T-10 was used in various Ford vehicles during the Cleveland’s era. It’s well-suited to both street and strip applications.
  • Tremec T5: For those looking for a modern transmission with overdrive, the Tremec T5 is a popular choice. With the appropriate bellhousing, it can be mated to a Cleveland, providing improved fuel economy and reduced engine wear at highway speeds.
Automatic Transmissions
  • Ford C4: The C4 is a lightweight, 3-speed automatic that was commonly paired with the Cleveland in street cars. It’s durable and easy to find, making it a good option for mild builds.
  • Ford C6: The C6 is a heavy-duty 3-speed automatic that was used in both cars and trucks. It’s known for its strength and ability to handle high torque, making it ideal for high-performance Cleveland builds.
  • FMX: The FMX is a medium-duty 3-speed automatic that was also used in Cleveland-powered cars. While not as common as the C4 or C6, it’s still a viable option for those looking to retain a period-correct transmission.
  • AOD: The AOD is a 4-speed automatic with overdrive that can be adapted to work with a Cleveland using the appropriate bellhousing. It’s a good choice for those looking to improve fuel efficiency on long drives.
Bellhousing and Adapter Options
  • Bellhousing Compatibility: When pairing a Cleveland with a modern transmission like the Tremec T5 or AOD, it’s important to use the correct bellhousing. There are aftermarket options available that make these combinations possible.
  • Adapters: In some cases, adapter plates may be necessary to mate the Cleveland to certain transmissions. These are readily available from specialty suppliers and can open up more transmission options for your build.
Choosing the Right Transmission
  • Considerations: When selecting a transmission, consider your vehicle’s intended use. For street driving and occasional racing, a 4-speed manual or a 3-speed automatic like the C4 or C6 will suffice. For those looking to improve highway fuel economy, a transmission with overdrive, such as the Tremec T5 or AOD, may be the better choice.

Rebuilding and Modifying the 351 Cleveland

The 351 Cleveland is a popular engine for rebuilds and modifications, thanks to its strong bottom end and high-performance potential. Here’s what you need to know if you’re planning to rebuild or modify a Cleveland:

Rebuild Tips
  • Common Areas of Wear: Pay close attention to the cylinder heads, which are prone to cracking, especially in the high-performance 4V versions. Also inspect the cooling system for any blockages or corrosion.
  • Machining Considerations: When rebuilding a Cleveland, it’s essential to have the block and heads properly machined to ensure all surfaces are true. This is particularly important if you’re planning to increase the engine’s compression or RPM potential.
Performance Upgrades
  • Camshafts: Upgrading the camshaft is one of the most effective ways to increase the Cleveland’s performance. Choose a cam profile that matches your intended use, whether it’s street driving, drag racing, or road racing.
  • Intake Manifolds: A high-performance intake manifold, particularly in 4V configurations, can significantly improve the engine’s airflow and top-end power. Consider an aftermarket single-plane manifold for maximum performance.
  • Carburetors: Upgrading to a larger carburetor, such as a 750 CFM Holley, can provide the additional fuel and air needed for high-performance applications.
  • Exhaust Systems: High-flow headers and exhaust systems are essential for maximizing the Cleveland’s breathing capabilities. Consider long-tube headers and a free-flowing exhaust for the best results.
Modern Modifications
  • Fuel Injection Conversions: Converting a Cleveland to fuel injection can improve drivability, fuel efficiency, and performance. Several aftermarket kits are available that make this conversion relatively straightforward.
  • Electronic Ignition: Upgrading to an electronic ignition system can improve spark timing and reliability, particularly in high-RPM applications. MSD and Pertronix offer popular options for the Cleveland.
  • Cooling System Upgrades: Given the Cleveland’s tendency to run hot, upgrading the cooling system is crucial, especially for modified engines. Consider a high-capacity radiator, electric fans, and an aluminum water pump.
Balancing Performance and Reliability
  • Compression Ratio: When rebuilding a Cleveland, it’s important to strike a balance between performance and reliability. Keep the compression ratio within reasonable limits (9.5:1 to 10.5:1) to avoid detonation and ensure long-term durability.
  • Oil System Upgrades: As mentioned earlier, upgrading the oil system is essential for maintaining reliability in high-performance applications. Consider adding a windage tray, high-volume oil pump, and larger oil pan.
Sourcing Parts
  • Challenges: Due to the Cleveland’s relatively short production run, some parts can be difficult to find or expensive. However, many specialty suppliers offer reproduction and aftermarket parts for these engines.
  • Best Places to Look: Specialty suppliers, online forums, and swap meets are great places to find Cleveland parts. Consider sources like Summit Racing, JEGS, and local engine builders who may have experience with Clevelands.
Real-World Builds
  • Standout Builds: Highlight a few notable 351 Cleveland builds, particularly those that showcase the engine’s versatility in both street and racing applications. These builds can serve as inspiration for others looking to modify their Clevelands.

Cleveland Engine Swaps: What You Need to Know

Ford 351 Cleveland

Swapping a 351 Cleveland into a vehicle that originally came with a different engine can be a rewarding project, but it requires careful planning and execution. Here’s what you need to know:

Compatibility Considerations
  • Motor Mounts: Custom motor mounts may be necessary to fit a Cleveland into a vehicle designed for a Windsor or Modified engine. Several aftermarket companies offer swap kits to make this process easier.
  • Headers and Exhaust: Due to the Cleveland’s unique cylinder head design, finding headers that fit your vehicle can be challenging. Be prepared to invest in custom headers or modified exhaust systems.
Transmission Pairing
  • Best Transmissions: The Toploader 4-speed and C6 automatic are popular choices for Cleveland swaps due to their durability and compatibility. For those looking for a modern touch, the Tremec T5 or AOD can be adapted to work with the Cleveland. This may provide more flexibility in gearing and highway performance.
  • Bellhousing and Adapter Kits: Make sure to source the correct bellhousing or adapter kit to ensure a proper fit between the engine and transmission. This is particularly important when pairing the Cleveland with non-original transmissions.
Engine Mounts and Headers
  • Custom Solutions: Depending on the vehicle, custom engine mounts and headers may be required to fit the Cleveland properly. Several companies offer bolt-in solutions, but in some cases, you may need to fabricate your own.
  • Clearance Issues: Pay close attention to clearance around the steering box, brake booster, and other components when fitting a Cleveland into a non-original application. Test-fitting everything before final assembly is crucial.
Cooling and Electrical Systems
  • Cooling: Upgrading the cooling system is essential, especially if you’re increasing the Cleveland’s performance. Consider installing a high-capacity radiator, electric fans, and an upgraded water pump to keep temperatures in check.
  • Electrical: Ensure that the vehicle’s electrical system can handle the demands of the Cleveland, particularly if you’re adding modern features like fuel injection or an upgraded ignition system. Upgrading the alternator and wiring may be necessary.
Cost Considerations
  • Ballpark Estimates: Swapping a Cleveland into a vehicle that didn’t originally come with one can be expensive, especially if custom fabrication is required. Expect to spend several thousand dollars on parts, including the engine, transmission, cooling system, and any necessary modifications.
  • Budget Tips: To keep costs down, consider sourcing used parts or rebuilding existing components where possible. Additionally, doing as much of the work yourself can save on labor costs.

Conclusion: The 351 Cleveland’s Place in Ford’s History

351 Cleveland Block

The 351 Cleveland is more than just an engine—it’s a piece of Ford’s high-performance legacy. Despite its relatively short production run, the Cleveland has earned a reputation as one of Ford’s most capable and versatile engines, particularly in high-RPM applications. Whether found in its original muscle car homes or swapped into a classic truck, the Cleveland continues to capture the hearts of enthusiasts who appreciate its unique combination of power, performance, and engineering innovation.

For those looking to restore, rebuild, or swap a Cleveland, the journey can be as rewarding as the final result. With careful planning and the right combination of parts, a Cleveland-powered vehicle can offer a driving experience that is as thrilling today as it was during the engine’s heyday. Whether you’re chasing quarter-mile times, carving up backroads, or simply enjoying the rumble of a well-tuned V8, the 351 Cleveland stands ready to deliver.


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